Teaching Religion in Indonesia: A Report on Graduate Studies in Java

Lewis, Bret. 2012. "Teaching Religion in Indonesia: A Report on Graduate Studies in Java". Teaching Theology & Religion. 15 (3): 241-257.

Abstract. 
Established in 2000–2001, the Center for Religious and Cross-cultural Studies (CRCS) is the only master’s level religious studies program at a non-religiously affiliated university in Indonesia. In many respects, the program is experimental, operating within the dynamic political and religious environment of the Muslim world’s youngest and largest democracy. Like other large democracies such as India or the United States, the Indonesian government and courts have their challenges and opportunities in navigating a multiplicity of religions. In Indonesia, this took on particular urgency in the context of religiously-charged conflict in the 1990’s and early 2000’s which helped lead to the establishment of the CRCS. This paper seeks to explore how students and key faculty relate to the program’s mission and approach to the study of religion while tracing the development of religious studies as a discipline in Indonesia. Special attention is paid to the political and, at times, controversial aspects of approaching religion with secular and pluralistic frameworks and language. It was informed by interviews and surveys conducted between January and May of 2010.
 

Paving the way for interreligios dialogue, tolerance, and harmony: Following Mukti Ali’s path

Al-Jamiah Vol 50 No 1 2012 

Faisal Ismail

Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract

A known Indonesian Muslim scholar Mukti Ali (1923-2004) was very much concerned with dialogue, tolerance, and harmony among the people of different traditions, cultures, and religions. In his many academic works, he stressesed the importance of promoting, strengthening, and maintaining intercultural and interreligious dialogue, tolerance, and harmony. Not only did he produce various academic works, but also made efforts in putting his intercultural and interreligious ideas into practice. Both as a scholar and expert in the comparative study of religions and as Minister of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (1971-1978), Mukti Ali endlessly promoted intercultural and interreligiuos diologue, tolerance, and harmony. Realizing that Indonesia is a pluralistic society, Mukti Ali adopted an approach called ‘agree in disagreement’ in the effort of creating and supporting tolerance, harmony, and security among people of different religious traditions. This paper will highlight the principles and values which Mukti Ali struggled for during his long administrative and academic careers.

[Mukti Ali (1923-2004) adalah salah seorang intelektual Muslim ternama di Indonesia. Dia dedikasikan hidupnya untuk menyemai dialog, toleransi dan kehidupan harmonis antar tradisi, budaya dan agama yang beragam. Dalam berbagai karya akademiknya, Mukti Ali selalu menekankan pentingnya kehidupan harmonis dan toleransi antar pemeluk agama dan budaya. Lebih dari itu, dia melampaui hanya sekedar batas pemikiran dengan mengimplementasikan gagasan-gagasannya tersebut. Sebagai seorang ilmuwan dengan keahlian perbandingan agama dan sebagai Menteri Agama RI (19711978), Mukti Ali dengan kukuh memperjuangkan dialog, toleransi dan kehidupan harmonis antar agama dan budaya. Mukti Ali sadar, Indonesia adalah negara yang plural, karena itu dia menawarkan pendekatan “agree in disagreement” untuk menciptakan harmoni dan toleransi tersebut. Tulisan ini mengulas prinsip dan nilai yang diperjuangkan Mukti Ali selama karir akademiknya dan sebagai Menteri Agama.]

Ilmu Prrbandingan Agama (Isi, Perkembangan, dan Manfaatnya bagi Soerang Muslim)

Ariyanto, M. Darojat. 2006. "Ilmu Prrbandingan Agama (Isi, Perkembangan, dan Manfaatnya bagi Soerang Muslim)". Suhuf, xvii (2/Nopember): 109-123.

ABSTRAKAkhir-akhir ini banyak para cendekia yang kurang memahami Ilmu
Perbandingan Agama, sehingga mereka menghakimi bahwa IPA
merupakan ilmu yang sesat, dan mendangkalkan aqidah. Melihat
fenomena tersebut penulis merasakan keresahan intelektual sehingga
mengkaji secara mendalam tentang IPA, yang dalam makalah ini penulis
akhirnya menyimpulkan bahwa Ilmu Perbandingan Agama merupakan
ilmu yang mengkaji agama-agama dengan menggunakan beberapa
metode ilmiah dan dogmatis sekaligus (ilmiah-agamis, religio-scientific
atau scientific-cum-doktrinair). Ilmu Perbandingan Agama sangat
bermanfaat bagi seorang Muslim, sebab dengan mempelajarinya dapat
memahami agama-agama lain baik ajaran-ajarannya maupun
perkembangan penafsiran dan lembaganya secara empiris. Selanjutnya
dapat menemukan mutu manikam keunggulan ajaran Islam setelah
dibandingkan dengan agama-agama lain. Akhirnya dapat digunakan
sebagai dialog, kerukunan hidup beragama dan dakwah.

Kata Kunci: IPA, keunggulan Islam, kerukunan
Retrieved from: http://publikasiilmiah.ums.ac.id:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/879/1.%20Darojat%20Ariyanto.pdf?sequence=1

Tibyan fi Ma'rifat al-Adyan (Suntingan Teks, Karya Intelektual Muslim, dan Karya Sejarah Agama-agama Abad ke-17)

ALEF THERIA WASIM , (2008) TIBYAN FI MARIFAT AL-ADYAN (SUNTINGAN TEKS, KARYA INTELEKTUAL MUSLIM, DAN KARYA SEJARAH AGAMA-AGAMA ABAD KE-17). /Jurnal/Al-Jamiah/Al-Jamiah No. 59 Th. 1996/.

Full text not available from this repository.

Abstract

Disertasi ini mengambil obyek salah satu karya sastra kitab abad ke-17 yang berjudul iTibyan Fi Marifat al-adyan/i. Karya ini ditulis oleh Nuru I-Din selaku penasihat dan atas perintah Sultanah Safiatu I-Din Syah. Nuru I-Din adalah ulama besar pada masanya dengan latar belakang lingkungan yang sangat luas: India tempat ia dilahirkan, Mekkah tempat ia tumbuh, dewasa, memperoleh pendidikan, dan memperdalam ilmu pengetahuan, dan Melayu serta Aceh tempat ia menjadi matang, melakukan darma bakti, dan mengajarkan ilmunya. /r Sebagai akibat berkembangnya dan tersebarnya agama Islam, dunia Islam dari segi geopolitis dan pemahaman serta penghayatan keagamaan dapat dikatakan terpilah-pilah. Nuru I-Din hidup dalam suatu masyarakat yang pluralis, baik dalam agama, etis, budaya, pemikiran, maupun dalam pengalaman serta penghayatan keagamaan. Beberapa karya pemikiran dan pengahayatan keagamaan dari intelektual muslim telah muncul di India sebelum abad ke-17. Pemikiran, pengalaman, dan ppenghayatan keagamaan dimaksud diduga ada kaitannya dengan pandangan dan pemikiran keagamaan dalam iTibyan Fi Marifat al-adyan/i. Nuru I-Din belajar dari berbagai ulama Mekkah. Dengan sendirinya ia hidup dalam jaringan ulama-ulama besar yang berasal dari berbagai negara, termasuk India, Melayu dan Idonesia (Jawi). Sebelum datang di Aceh ia telah mengenal masyarakat Melayu atau Jawi di koloni-koloni yang ada di Mekkah. Di india, ia hidup dalam lingkungan masyarakat yang pluralis. India merupakan wilayah tumbuh dan semaraknya sekte-dekte keagamaan yang bervarian; diantaranya agama yang tergolong primitif (animisme, dinamisme, magis), agama dualis (Majusi, Zoroaster), agama-agama etnis, dan agama yang dianut pada masanya (Budha, Hindu, Yahudi, Kristen dan Islam). b

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Tibyan Fi Marifat al-adyan, Suntingan Teks, Karya Intelektual Muslim, Karya Sejarah Agama-agama Abad ke-17
Depositing User:	Users 1 not found.
Last Modified:	04 May 2012 16:38
URI:	http://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/400

Explaining the Cause of Muslim-Christian Conflicts in Indonesia: Tracing the Origins of Kristenisasi and Islamisasi

Arifianto, Alexander. 2009. "Explaining the Cause of Muslim-Christian Conflicts in Indonesia: Tracing the Origins of Kristenisasi and Islamisasi". Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations. 20 (1): 73-89.

Author: Alexander R. Arifianto^a

DOI: 10.1080/09596410802542144

Abstract

Within the last decade, Indonesia has experienced numerous incidents of communal violence between conservative Muslims, who are the religious majority in the country, and the Christian minority. This has been caused by mutual prejudices and suspicions that have gradually developed between the two groups. This article will explain the origins of such sentiments by looking at the history of Muslim-Christian relations in Indonesia. It argues that the origins of tensions between the two religions date from the Dutch colonial period in Indonesia and persisted throughout Indonesia's post-independence history. First, the article will survey the roots of Kristenisasi suspicions among Indonesian Muslims, from the Dutch colonial period until the New Order regime under Suharto. Next, it will examine government policies designed to appease conservative Muslims and restrict the religious freedom of Indonesian Christians. Finally, it will discuss how these policies helped to create the fear of Islamisasi among Indonesian Christians.

Affiliation: ^a Department of Political Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA

Muslim-Christian polemics in Indonesian Islamic literature Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations

Ropi, Ismatu. 1998. "Muslim-Christian polemics in Indonesian Islamic literature". Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations. 9 (2): 217-229.

Author: Ismatu Ropi^a

DOI: 10.1080/09596419808721149
Affiliation: ^a Institut Agama Islam Negeri, Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract

As Indonesian Muslim depictions of Christianity have varied over time and according to the receptivity of particular regions, this study provides a brief survey of the Muslim attitudes towards Christianity from the seventeenth to the twentieth century in Indonesia. In this article, Nuruddin al-Raniri and Hasbullah Bakry are taken as the prototype of Indonesian Muslims' depictions of Christianity in the early and modem eras. In Bakry's works, as the main concern of this study, we find greater familiarity with the Bible which is quoted in an almost literal fashion. The biblical verses are quoted for the purpose of convincing a Muslim audience that Islam is the last religion and that Muhammad is the last messenger; they are used to defend Islam from the misrepresentations of Christians who had wielded the Bible as one of their chief weapons in the effort of Christianize Indonesia.

Islam and the Struggle for Religious Pluralism in Indonesia; A Political Reading of the Religious Thought of Mukti Ali

Ali Munhanif

Munhanif, Ali. 1996. "Islam and the Struggle for Religious Pluralism in Indonesia; A Political Reading of the Religious Thought of Mukti Ali." Studia Islamika, Vol. 3, No. 1. pp. 79-126.

Abstraksi
Problem dialog antar-umat beragama merupakan salah satu wacana penting dalam perkembangan pemikiran keagamaan Indonesia modern. Salah seorang intelektual Muslim terkemuka yang menaru minat besar terhadap wacana pemikiran keagamaan ini adalah Prof. H. A. Mukti Ali, mantan Menteri Agama Republik Indonesia yang pernah menjabat sebagai Rektor IAIN Yogyakarta...

Dengan demikian, pemikiran keagaman Mukti Ali menggoreskan titik penting dalam sejarah agama bangsa Indonesia. Kegigihannya dalam memperjuangkan semangat pluralitas agama-agama, keterbukaannya dalam memahami tradisi agamanya sendiri, Islam, boleh jadi akan menimbulkan praduga yang berlebihan bagi banyak kalangan. Tetapi hal itu tidak akan memperkecil sumbangannya terhadap upaya dalam membangun 'payung' di bawah mana masyarakat beragama Indonesia dapat bertemu dan berkumpul sebagai sebuah bangsa.

Observations on the Scholarly Study of Religions as Pursued in Some Muslim Countries

Formats Available in JSTOR: Page Scan, PDF (906 KB)

• Abstract
• Bibliographic Information
• Author Information

Abstract(back to top)

The article examines the study of religions at scholarly institutions in Muslim countries. As far as Islam and Islamic thought is concerned, both traditional and overly ideological approaches are problematic from a scholarly point of view. With regard to the study of religions other than Islam, interesting initiatives have been taken in several countries. Difficulties on a practical level include a lack of good handbooks in the “Islamic” languages, while books published in the West are mostly too expensive to acquire. Training in the languages of the various religious Scriptures is virtually absent. History of religions or religious studies have rarely been institutionalized. The study of some religions is seriously handicapped by political conflicts. Among the positive developments at present is, first, the increased interest in “religions” among students and the general public. The historical, anthropological and sociological research carried out in several Muslim countries pays attention to the social role of religion. A number of Muslim students enrolled at Western universities take courses in religions. The conclusion contends that the medieval tradition of Muslim studies of other religions could be a source of inspiration for the future. What is still much needed are competent staff, material facilities, a positive climate for intellectual pursuits, technical training in the study of texts, facts and meanings, and mental training for the pursuit of scholarly truth are needed. While perhaps acting as catalysts, Western models should not enjoy absolute authority. The author considers the pursuit of knowledge which is useful both to Muslims and to the scholarly community at large as most important.

Bibliographic Information(back to top)

• Observations on the Scholarly Study of Religions as Pursued in Some Muslim Countries
• Jacques Waardenburg
• Numen
• Vol. 45, No. 3 (1998) (pp. 235-257)
• Page Count: 23
• 
  

Author Information(back to top)

Jacques Waardenburg

Copyright 1998 Koninklijke Brill NV

Building harmony and peace through multiculturalist theology‐based religious education: an alternative for contemporary Indonesia

Authors:

Baidhawy, Zakiyuddin¹ profetika@yahoo.com

Source:

British Journal of Religious Education; Jan2007, Vol. 29 Issue 1, p15-30, 16p, 2 Charts

Document Type:

Article

Subject Terms:

*RELIGIOUS education,
*HARMONY in music,
*PEACE,
*MULTICULTURALISM,
*ETHNIC conflict

Geographic Terms:

INDONESIA

Author-Supplied Keywords:

Harmony,
Islam,
Multiculturalism,
Peace,
Religious education

Abstract:

Indonesia has experienced a paradigm shift during the last decade in the framework of managing societal diversity because of an increase in ethnic and religious conflict. This shift has an impact on education because school curricula must address issues of living together as a nation united despite differences in religion and ethnicity. This is especially true of the religious education curriculum. However, since the New Order era (Soeharto regime, 1966–1998), religious education has been misused by the state to limit freedom of religion and to promote a model that is not sensitive to diversity and differences. It is critical, however, that religious education be rooted in a multicultural perspective supported by theological insight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of British Journal of Religious Education is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Author Affiliations:

¹Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Indonesia

ISSN:

01416200

DOI:

10.1080/01416200601037478

Accession Number:

23253109

Database:

Academic Search Alumni Edition

Publisher Logo:

On the Possibility of a Creative and Inspiring Pluralism of Religions

Author: Steenbrink, Karel

Source: Mission Studies, Volume 9, Number 1, 1992 , pp. 156-167(12)

Publisher: BRILL

Abstract:

Pluralism of religions is not a timeless phenomenon. Religion itself has changed and developed in the history of mankind. As shown by Wilfred Cantwell Smith in his book on The Meaning and End of Religion, varieties of religious experiences and pluralism of religions also are restyled and remodeled according to time and place. In this communication I want to elaborate on this theme in a double way. First I want to make some remarks about pluralism of religions from personal experiences in Indonesia and the Netherlands, especially in encounters with Muslims. In the second part I want to draw some conclusions on the topic from a broader historical perspective, viewing pluralism as a universally changing and fluctuating fact. In the first part some general problems of interreligious dialogue are described ending up in a rather pessimistic estimation of the possibilities of this dialogue, with further goals than peaceful coexistence. In the second part I hope to show the inevitability of this dialogue. In my conclusion I will try to delineate a way out of this dilemma with the perspective of a creative and inspiring pluralism.

Articles that cite this article?

Document Type: Research article

DOI: 10.1163/157338392X00162

Publication date: 1992-01-01

Explaining the Cause of Muslim-Christian Conflicts in Indonesia: Tracing the Origins of Kristenisasi and Islamisasi

Authors:

Arifianto, Alexander R.¹ alexander.arifianto@asu.edu

Source:

Islam & Christian-Muslim Relations; Jan2009, Vol. 20 Issue 1, p73-89, 17p

Document Type:

Article

Subject Terms:

*VIOLENCE,
*MUSLIMS,
*CHRISTIANS,
*PREJUDICES,
*RELIGIONS

Geographic Terms:

INDONESIA

Abstract:

Within the last decade, Indonesia has experienced numerous incidents of communal violence between conservative Muslims, who are the religious majority in the country, and the Christian minority. This has been caused by mutual prejudices and suspicions that have gradually developed between the two groups. This article will explain the origins of such sentiments by looking at the history of Muslim-Christian relations in Indonesia. It argues that the origins of tensions between the two religions date from the Dutch colonial period in Indonesia and persisted throughout Indonesia's post-independence history. First, the article will survey the roots of Kristenisasi suspicions among Indonesian Muslims, from the Dutch colonial period until the New Order regime under Suharto. Next, it will examine government policies designed to appease conservative Muslims and restrict the religious freedom of Indonesian Christians. Finally, it will discuss how these policies helped to create the fear of Islamisasi among Indonesian Christians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Islam & Christian-Muslim Relations is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Author Affiliations:

¹Department of Political Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA

ISSN:

09596410

DOI:

10.1080/09596410802542144

Accession Number:

35772208

Database:

Academic Search Alumni Edition

Publisher Logo:

religions in dialogue: the construction of an Indonesian minority religion

American Ethnologist

Volume 10, Issue 4, pages 684–696, November 1983

ATKINSON, J. M. (1983), religions in dialogue: the construction of an Indonesian minority religion. American Ethnologist, 10: 684–696. doi: 10.1525/ae.1983.10.4.02a00040

Clifford Geertz (1966) proposes a definition of religion that transcends a conventional distinction between world religions and traditional religions. He regards religions as particular cultural solutions to universal problems of meaning. But problems of meaning are experienced by cultural actors only in the context of social systems. Thus, religions as cultural systems are impressed by the institutional conditions of their construction. This point is demonstrated here by an examination of developing religious consciousness among the Wana of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, in response to national religious policies, [anthropology of religion, primitive or traditional religions, Indonesia, Sulawesi or Celebes, Wana, ethnicity]

References Cited

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• Atkinson, J. M. 1979 Paths of the Spirit Familiars: A Study of Wana Shamanism. Ph.D. dissertation Department of Anthropology. Stanford University.
• Almagor, Uri in press Religion and the Wana of Sulawesi Tengah. In Peranan Kebudayaan Tradisional Indonesian Dalam Modernisasi. M.Dove, ed. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Obor Foundation.
• Bellah, R. 1970 Civil Religion in America In Beyond Belief, pp. 168–189. New York: Harper & Row.
• Berger, Peter 1967 The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion. Garden City, NY: Double-day.
• Boon, Lames 1977 The Anthropological Romance of Bali, 1597–1972 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Cady, J. F. 1964 Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development New York: McGraw Hill.
• Chaudhuri, N. C. 1979 Hinduism: A Religion to Live By. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Coedès, C. 1968 Indianized States of Southeast Asia Honolulu: East-West Center Press.
• Crystal, Eric 1974 Cooking Pot Politics: A Toraja Village Study. Indonesia 18:119–151.
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• Geertz, C. 1960 The Religion of)ava. New York: Free Press.
• Geertz, C. 1966 Religion as a Cultural System. In Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion. M.Banton, ed. pp. 1–46.London: Tavistock.
• Geertz, C. 1972 Religious Change and Social Order in Soeharto's Indonesia. Asia 27:62–84.
• Geertz, C. 1973 “Internal Conversion” in Contemporary Bali. In The Interpretation of Cultures, pp. 170–189 New York: Basic Books.
• Geertz, H. 1963 Indonesian Cultures and Communities. New Haven: HRAF Press.
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• Gonda, J. 1973 [1952] Sanskrit in Indonesia. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture.
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• Koentjaraningrat, R. M. 1975 Introduction to the Peoples and Cultures of Indonesia and Malaysia Menlo Park, CA: Cum-mings Publishing.
• Kruyt, A. C. 1930 De To Wana op Oost-Celebes. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde 70: 398–625.
• McKinley, R. 1979 Zaman Dan Masa, Eras and Periods: Religious Evolution and the Permanence of Epistemo-logical Ages in Malay Culture. In The Imagination of Reality: Essays in Southeast Asian Coherence Systems. A. L.Becker and AramYengoyan, eds. pp. 303–324.Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.
• Mulder, Niels 1978 Mysticism and Everyday Life in Contemporary Java. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
• Ortner, S. R. 1978 Sherpas through Their Rituals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Peacock, J. I. 1978 Purifying the Faith: The Muhammadijah Movement in Indonesian Islam. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummins Publishing.
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Toward Religious Tolerance Through Reform in Islamic Education: The Case of the State Institute of Islamic Studies of Indonesia

Saeed, Abdullah. 1999. "TOWARDS RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE THROUGH REFORM IN ISLAMIC EDUCATION: THE CASE OF THE STATE INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC STUDIES OF INDONESIA." Indonesia & the Malay World 27, no. 79: 177.

Authors:

Saeed, Abdullah

Source:

Indonesia & the Malay World; Nov99, Vol. 27 Issue 79, p177, 15p

Document Type:

Article

Subject Terms:

*EDUCATIONAL change,
*RELIGIOUS tolerance,
*ISLAMIC education,
*ISLAM -- Study & teaching

Geographic Terms:

INDONESIA

Abstract:

Discusses the establishment of the State Institute of Islamic Studies of Indonesia (IAIN) as part of the Indonesian government's efforts to achieve religious tolerance through reform in Islamic education. Context within which IAIN functions; Tension between traditionalism and the modern ethos; Achievement of religious tolerance through combination of modern mindset, curriculum, and sound Islamic education.

ISSN:

13639811

Accession Number:

6676479

Database:

Academic Search Alumni Edition

Publisher Logo:

Cited References:

The Study of Comparative Religion by Indonesian Muslims: A Survey

Steenbrink, Karel A. 1990. "The Study of Comparative Religion by Indonesian Muslims: A Survey". Numen. 37 (2): 141-167.

Religious studies were always highly estimated in Islam. Perhaps there is, besides the Jewish religion, no religion so concentrated on the holy book neither is there any religion, that keeps religious scholars in such a high esteem, as the islamic community. Seeking knowledge itself is a meritorious action. This knowledge, however, was usually confined to the common subjects of mysticism and ethics, law and dogmatics. A more philosophical or empirical approach in the field of religious studies was usually not stimulated before the 20th century and the interest in other religious tradi- tions, outside the islamic, was seldom elaborated. - "The comparative history of religions is a Muslim creation" is quoted as a saying of Henry Laoust. After a glorious start with Shahrastani this creation was not always fostered and developed in the curriculum of religious studies in the Muslim world.' This article wants to present the major results of this study by Indonesian Muslims.

Phenomenologi Agama

Al-Jami'ah No. 23 Th. 1980

Jurnal/Journal from digilib-uinsuka / 2008-07-03 14:53:11
By : HARITH ABDOUSSALAM, Perpustakaan UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
Created : 2008-07-03, with 1 files

Keyword : Phenomenologi, Agama

DESKRIPSI

Phenomenologi agama, dalam bahasa Inggris Phenomenology of Religion, dalam bahasa Jerman Religionsphanomenologie, dan dalam bahasa Belanda Godsdienstfenomenologie. Nama ini sering dipakai oleh para sarjana Continental, dalam artian benua Eropa, dalam studi yang disebut Perbandingan Agama atau yang secara semantik Studi Perbandingan Agama.

Selanjutnya Perbandingan Agama atau studi Perbandingan Agama ini di kalangan sarjana yang berminat mempelajari agama-agama Bernama Sejarah Agama-Agama. Dalam hal ini ada dua dasar pertimbangan nama Sejarah Agama-Agama ini. Pertimbangan pertama adalah merupakan hasil keputusan salah satu kongresnya yang membentuk sebuah perhimpunan internasional dengan nama "International Association for the History of Reigion" yang dalam bahasa Indonesia lebih kurang "Perhimpunan Sejarah Agama-Agama Internasional". Pertimbangan lain tidak adalah begitu mudah menterjemahkan ungkapan bahasa Jerman Reiligionswissenschaft ke dalam Bahasa Inggris. Para sarjana memaksakan penggunaan ungkapan History of Religions, Sejarah Agama-Agama, dalam artian yang paling luas. Dalam ungkapan atau istilah ini mencakup bukan saja sejarah tetapi juga studi perbandingan agama, morphologi agama dan phenomenologi agama.

Oleh karena itu dalam proses perkembangannya kemudian Sejarah Agama-Agama ini telah diakui sebagai salah satu cabang ilmu pengetahuan.

Copyrights : Copyright (c) 2008 by Perpustakaan Digital UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted by author in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.

http://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/gdl.php?mod=browse&op=read&id=digilib-uinsuka--harithabdo-580

Studi Agama-agama di Negeri Belanda (Suatu Gambaran Singkat)

Al-Jami'ah No. 22 Th. XV-1980

Jurnal/Journal from digilib-uinsuka / 2008-07-02 15:52:10
By : HARITH ABDOUSSALAM, Perpustakaan UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
Created : 2008-07-02, with 1 files

Keyword : Studi Agama, Negeri Belanda

DESKRIPSI

Suatu undang-undang (peraturan) Perguruan Tinggi di negeri Belanda yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1876, telah menawarkan kemungkinan-kemungkinan membina jabatab Guru Besar dalam bidang Sejarah Agama pada Fakultas Theologi di seluruh Universitas-Universitas di Negeri Belanda.

Segera sesudah keluarnya undang-undang Perguruan Tinggi itu, jabatab Guru Besar ini mulai dibina di Universitas-Universitas Negeri di Leiden, Amsterdam, Groningen, dan Utrecht. Demikian juga selanjutnya di Universitas-Universitas swasta yang berdasarkan agama, seperti Universitas Roma Katholik di Nijmegen dan "Vrije Universiteit" dari aliran Reformasi di Amsterdam.

Kemudian sejak tahun 1945 jabatan Guru Besar dalam Sejarah Agama di Universitas-Universitas Negeri telah di bagi dalam dua kategori, yaitu satu bagian mengenai agama-agama Antik di sekitar wilayah Mediterania dan bagian lain mengenai agama-agama yang masih hidup (berkembang).

Dalam pengaturan statuta akademi yang telah memperlakukan (menganggap) agama Kristen sebagai suatu disiplin ilmu, maka agama Kristen dikeluaran (dipisahkan) dari sejarah Agama-Agama. Dan selanjutnya studi tentang agama Kristen ini dibagi lagi dalam studi tentang bible, Sejarah Gereja, Ethik dan Sejarah Doktrin Kristen ; yang sudah barang tentu semua ini dikuliahkan pada fakultas-fakultas Theologia.

Dalam periode sepuluh tahun terakhir ini juga telah memasukkan Phenomenologi Agama ke dalam term of reference jabatan Guru Besar dalam Sejarah Agama. Dan sebagai tambahan bagi jabatan ini dalam beberapa tahun terakhir telah dibentuk staf pengajar dan kedudukan peneliti dalam bidang spesialisasi Sejarah Agama dan Phenomenologi Agama. Adalah menarik perhatian bahwa sejak Perang Dunia Kedua juga telah menjadi memungkinkan adanya spesialisasi studi-studi agama tertentu, yaitu Sosiologi Agama dan Anthropologi Agama. Sehingga dewasa ini terdapat staf pengajar bagi Sosiologi Agama dan Anthropologi Agama di sementara fakultas-fakultas Ilmu-ilmu sosial. Sedangkan sebelumnya di sementara Fakultas-fakultas Sastra telah terdapat jabatan Guru Besar bagi sejarah kebudayaan daerah-daerah tertentu, dimana Sejarah Agama (sejarah agama-agama) daerah itu adalah merupakan salah satu bagian.

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